为应对新冠疫情、俄乌冲突、油价暴涨和严重供应短缺等多重威胁带来的风险， 美国联邦政府正在采取前所未有的举措，加强供应链的韧性，保护美国家庭。

拜登-哈里斯政府致力于 通过鼓励竞争、多样性和新进入者来提高联邦和州政府应对供应短缺的灵活性。

美国农业部在最近 6 月 1 日发布的新闻稿“……巩固食品供应链和转变食品体系，使其更加公平、更具竞争力、更具弹性的框架”中表示，“……已经很清楚，我们无法回到以前的食品体系。”

迄今为止，2022 年政府举措重点关注三项主要改进：

1. 提高弹性并实现供应链多样化
2. 提高 基础设施 安全性 并降低自然灾害风险
3.  通过更清晰的标签、更好的工具和更广泛的渠道告知消费者

 这些举措试图将供应链恢复到疫情之前的水平，并与接受资助的社区内的就业创造努力和供应订单挂钩。

Interestingly, the most recent announcements in June were released just days before the international World Trade Organization’s Ministerial Conference (MC12) , which focused on meeting the world’s needs for food security and public health while protecting trade and IP rights of innovators . The WTO’s agreement on TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) helps to facilitate the resolution of disputes over IP, technology transfer, and public welfare.

1. INCREASE RESILIENCY & DIVERSIFY THE SUPPLY CHAIN

Diversify the Supply Chain

March 28, 2022 – The President’s 2023 budget for the Department of Commerce¹ includes $372M for the National Institute of Standard and Technology’s (NIST) manufacturing programs , including an increase of over $125M for the Manufacturing Extension partnership² to help make America’s small and medium-size manufacturers more competitive. The funds support 2 new innovation institutes and $11M to build analytical capacity to meet new supply chain requirements.

April 18, 2022 – To increase equity in federal procurement, the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) announced an effort to reduce obstacles for small disadvantaged businesses (SDBs). The Biden-Harris administration aims to increase the share of contracts awarded to small disadvantaged businesses by 50% by 2025³.

May 24 – USDA announced funding of $770M to create better market opportunities for rural communities in 36 states and Puerto Rico. A majority of the funds – $640M – is allocated to 122 specific projects ranging from rural business improvements to micro-entrepreneurship efforts. The USDA is making 154 investments⁴ (a combination of grants and loans) through 3 programs: Business and Industry (B&I) Loan Guarantee Program, the Rural Economic Development Loan and Grant Programs, and the Rural Microentrepreneur Assistance Program. Businesses range from hotels and restaurants to hospitals, food processing facilities, cellular service providers, gasoline stations, and more.

June 1, 2022 – Government made available up to $375M to support independent meat and poultry processing plants⁵. The bottlenecks faced during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a drop in effective plant and slaughter capacity. While an opportunity existed for new entrants to compete, small and midsize farmers struggled to compete for processing access. The first phase includes $150M in grants of up to $25M to expand capacity, including construction, expansion of existing facilities, and acquisition of equipment.

June 2, 2022 – The government announced $600M in investments and financial assistance to support the food supply chain infrastructure not covered by the meat and poultry program⁶.

• $400M for regional food business centers
• $300M for a new organic initiative
• $75M to support urban agriculture

June 22, 2022 – To prevent critical supply shortages, the Department of Defense included in its 2023 budget $80M for workforce training in manufacturing⁷, in their 2023 budget, focusing on microelectronics, energy storage and batteries, castings and forgings, and missiles and munitions. Industrial skill development will be supported in welding, advanced machining, precision optics, metrology, digital/additive manufacturing.

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2. INCREASE INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY & MITIGATE RISKS OF NATURAL DISASTER

Road and Waterway Improvements

April 8 – The Highway Infrastructure Programs (HIP)⁸ appropriates $9.45B, including $5.5B for bridge improvement⁹ – replacement, rehabilitation, preservation, protection and construction programs. This also includes $1B for the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program in 2022.

April 21 – USDA Announced $420M Investment in 132 watershed infrastructure projects in 31 states for dam rehabilitation, flood prevention, and watershed restoration projects¹⁰.

June 21 – Bipartisan Infrastructure Law allocated $25.5M to 8 Western States¹¹ to fund water efficiency and drought resilience projects in California, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Washington and Wyoming . The funding is part of the $160 million in WaterSMART grants provided by the Law in 2022. The local governments in eight states must complete projects within three years.

Transportation Security & Fair Pricing

June 16 – The Ocean Reform Shipping Act of 2022¹² was signed into law, increasing the authority of Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) to monitor unfair pricing and investigate complaints about late fees charged by ocean carriers and order refunds for unreasonable charges. It also prohibits carriers from unreasonably refusing available cargo space, resorting to unfair or discriminatory methods. Ocean transport carries 53% of all U.S. imports¹³ , the largest share compared to Air and Land.

Disaster Mitigation

March 22, The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) allocated $3 billion in funds for equitable disaster recovery¹⁴ . The funds will benefit underserved communities in 13 states, addressing issues related to 16 major disasters in 2021.

March 28, 2022 The Biden-Harris Administration submitted an increase of $6.9B¹⁵ in the 2023 budget for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA)¹⁶ to improve its ability to predict extreme weather associated with climate change.

May 16, 2022 – USDA provided $6B in direct emergency relief to specialty crop producers impacted by 2020-21 natural disasters¹⁷ . The funds addressed crop losses due to disasters including wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, excessive heat, freeze, winter storms and other disasters during that 2-year period.

June 17 – Bipartisan Infrastructure Law¹⁸ allocated $103M to better support federal wildland firefighters. The majority of the funds – $80.9 million – will go to accelerating fuels management work, which reduces risk through strategic removal of potential wildfire hazards. $19.4M will go towards accelerating Burned Area Rehabilitation. A portion will go towards developing a wildfire risk mapping and mitigation tool jointly developed by the USDA Forest Service and the National Association of State Foresters. A portion will fund a wildland firefighter health and well-being program, including mental wellness, post-traumatic stress disorder care, and efforts to address environmental hazards to minimize job exposure.

Food and Pharmaceutical Security

April 27 – USAID addressed food insecurity caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine by procuring commodities to bolster food operations in Africa and the Middle East¹⁹ Over $670M in food assistance was provided to countries in need, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Yemen, helping to cover ocean freight, inland transport, internal transport, shipping and handling.

May 19, 2022 – FDA responded to shortages of critical supplies such as gasoline, blood, toilet paper and baby formula with the guidance report, “Risk Management Plans to Mitigate the Potential for Drug Shortages”, directed towards manufacturers of human drug and biological products.²⁰

May 25 – USDA offered funding and flexible options²¹ to help participants in the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Special Supplemental Nutrition program to acquire baby formula during the shortage. Because state agencies contracted with only 3 manufacturers to provide baby formula for WIC infants, the US Department of Agriculture encouraged states to allow WIC participants to purchase alternative sizes, forms, and brands and to support exchanges during the shortage. The USDA also encouraged the Administration to engage partners to strengthen the security, resilience, and diversity of our supply chain. WIC participants consume approximately 56% of all infant formula in the U.S.

June 30, 2022 – Due to the ongoing supply chain disruptions and rising food costs for schools, Congress approved an additional $943M for the Keep Kids Fed Act, funded through the USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation²². Schools can receive additional temporary funding: $.40 cents per lunch and $.15 cents per breakfast. Child care centers will receive an extra $.10 cents reimbursement per meal.

3. INFORM CONSUMERS WITH CLEARER LABELING & INCREASE INFORMATION ACCESS

January 1, 2022 – USDA’s National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (NFBFDS) became mandatory²³. Food manufacturers, importers, and other entities that label food for retail sale must clearly disclose bioengineered foods and ingredients to consumers, and keep adequate records of those disclosures . Bioengineered food is “…modified through in vitro rDNA techniques and for which the modification could not be obtained through conventional breeding or found in nature”. Regulated entities have several disclosure options: text, symbol, electronic or digital link, and/or text message, with additional options available to small food manufacturers, or for small or very small packages.

April 4, 2022 – The USDA’s Country of Origin label (COOL) is now required for Japan²⁴ . The label informs customers about the source & method of production of certain perishable foods , including farm-raised fish and shell-fish (fresh and frozen), goat and lamb, perishable agricultural commodities, frozen fruits and vegetables, peanuts, pecans, gjnseng and macadamia nuts, chicken, seafood, and more. Grocery stores, supermarkets and warehouse stores utilize signs, placards, bands, twist ties, pin tags, or other formats to identify the country of origin and method of production, when applicable (e.g., farm-raised, wild). Restaurants, butcher shops and fish markets are exempt. Although the law was passed in September, 2017, Japanese food manufacturers were not required to comply until March 31, 2022.

April 27 – The USDA provided guidance to reduce the action levels for lead in juice from 50 ppb to 10 ppb in single strength apple juice and 20 ppb in all other single strength juice types. The FDA estimates that this change may reduce dietary lead exposure among children from apple juice consumption by as much as 46% (at the 90th percentile consumption level)%²⁵ , and 19% for all other juice types (at the 90th percentile consumption level).